Editorial Type:
Article Category: Other
 | 
Online Publication Date: Jul 01, 2014

Parietal Foci for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Targets for LORETA Neurofeedback with Outcomes

PhD
Page Range: 47 – 57
Save
Download PDF

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) continues to present challenges to researchers and clinicians across disciplines. Many of the arguments and disagreements at hand may originate from the box, or polemic camps, we have created, rather than the disorder itself. With this in mind, this article presents a novel approach for neurofeedback training, neuropsychometric evaluation, and outcome reporting specific to ADHD. In short, for ADHD to be treated effectively and empirically, outcomes must show learning (acquisition) has taken place, the electroencephalogram (EEG) or EEG current source density has changed, and psychometric data correspondingly has improved. It is time for novel approaches to take form as the toll ADHD exacts on the individual across the lifespan continues to progress. The author proposes a protocol for assessment, using a LORETA-based quantitative EEG to identify a network of brain structures on the cortical surface and below, with abnormal activation and LORETA-guided neurofeedback training to normalize activity in this network.

  • Download PDF
<bold>Figure 1.</bold>
Figure 1.

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptom Network (ADHD-SN). From left to right are horizontal, sagittal, and coronal views of the brain. The first image (left) shows the precuneus (Brodmann Area [BA] 19) and posterior cingulate (BA 30/29). The sagittal image shows BA 29 (posterior cingulate), BA 23 (mid-cingulate) and BA 25 (orbital frontal cortex). The coronal image (right) shows BA 25 and BA 13 (insular cortex).


<bold>Figure 2.</bold>
Figure 2.

Mean percentage reward across sessions for the group of eight participants.


<bold>Figure 3.</bold>
Figure 3.

Post- > pre-alpha current source density at each of the five regions of interest for this study. Alpha is presented in two measures alpha 1 (8−10 Hz) and alpha 2 (10−12 Hz).


<bold>Figure 4.</bold>
Figure 4.

Pre- (left) and post- (right) correlation structure for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Symptom Network in alpha 1 (top) and 2 (bottom) current source density (CSD) between the five regions of interest (ROIs) for this study. On the x-axis is the ROI, and Pearson rho on the y-axis. The correlation between ROI*alpha CSD is plotted within the graph.


Rex Cannon


Contributor Notes

Correspondence: Rex L. Cannon, PhD, Psychoeducational Network, 7417 Kingston Pike, Knoxville, TN 37919, email: rexcannon@gmail.com.